H5N1 avian influenza has been circulating among various bird and mammal species, and human and other mammalian cases are being reported in the US (ABC News, Pan American Health Organization). Human cases are rare and are generally suspected to have originated from contact with infected animals, but the prospect of human-to-human transmission has health officials concerned (WHO, CDC, CDC 12 February 2024). WHO defines "sustained human-to-human transmission" as "transmitting easily from one person to the next and then further onward" (STAT News). For the purposes of this question, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia are considered to be in Europe (Britannica - Continent). Turkey west of the Bosphorus Strait and north of the Dardanelles Strait is considered to be in Europe, with the rest of the country being in Asia.

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