After a 2019 referendum on independence for Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea, passed overwhelmingly, the region has been waiting on the parliament of Papua New Guinea to ratify the results (Lowy Institute, Papua New Guinea Today (2022), The Diplomat, Guardian). The political leadership of Bougainville has stated that it may declare independence unilaterally in 2027 if parliament fails to ratify (Autonomous Bougainville Government, Autonomous Bougainville Government - 2001 Peace Agreement).

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